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Mr. and Mrs President

See How They Ran

A Guide to Abbreviations in Notes:

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2 used as early as...: William Safire, Safire's Political Dictionary, rev. ed. (New York, 1978), p. 231.

2 "Presidential trademark": Nwswk, 8 Nov. 1948, p. 13.

2 celebrities: See Lewis Gould, "First Ladies," American Scholar 55 (1986): 528-535.

2"Rorshach test": See, for example, Lewis Gould, "Modern First Ladies in Historical Perspective," Presidential Studies Quarterly 15 (Summer, 1985): 537; Ann Lewis in Vanity Fair, June, 1994, p. 154.

2 rise of feminism: See Betty Boyd Caroli, First Ladies (New York, 1987), p. 279. Carl Sferrazza Anthony, First Ladies, 2 vols. (New York, 1990-1991), 2:443.

2 "officer or employee": Association of American Physicians and Surgeons, Inc. et al. v. Hillary Rodham Clinton, et al., 997 F.2d 898, 904 (U.S. App. D.C. 22 June 1993).

3 "A good wife...": Life, 7 Jan. 1952, pp. 33, 44.

3 "Politics today...": LHJ, Oct. 1960, p. 73.

3 "anti-image": John Demos, Past, Present, and Personal (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 37.

3 "two for the...": Judith Warner, Hillary Clinton (New York, 1993), p. 164.

4 image-building, not power-sharing: For examples of the many "First Lady" books that focus on "power": see Alice E. Anderson and Hadley V. Baxendale, Behind Every Successful President: The Hidden Power & Influence of America's First Ladies (New York, 1992); Anthony, First Ladies, which is subtitled "The Saga of the Presidents' Wives and Their Power."

5 "domesticated...": Paula Baker, "The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780-1920," American Historical Review, 89 (June 1984): 620-647. Robert L. Griswold, Fatherhood in America (New York, 1993), p. 7.

5 "personifies the...": Westbrook Pegler in U.S. Congress, House, 77th Cong. 2nd. sess., 19 Jan. 1942, Appendix to CR, 88:A154. CUT to CR

5 "you don't elect...": ER Press Conference, 19 Dec. 1938, Betty Houchin Winfield, "Anna Eleanor Roosevelt's White House Legacy," Presidential Studies Quarterly, 18 (Spring, 1988): 340.

5 "an almost...": ER in Elliott Roosevelt with James Bough, An Untold Story (New York, 1973), p. 40.

5 "business partners": James Roosevelt with Bill Libby, My Parents (Chicago, 1976), p. 101.

6 "trial balloon": ER, This I Remember (New York, 1949), p.164.

6 "glorious...": ER in James R. Kearney, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (Boston, 1968), p. 276.

6 "spur": ER, Remember, p. 349.

6 "a hair shirt": William Chafe, "Biographical Sketch," in Joan Hoff-Wilson and Marjorie Lightman, Without Precedent (Bloomington, 1984), p. 11.

6 "You kiss...": Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time (New York, 1994), p. 539.

6 Many heard...": Frank Friedel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal (Boston, 1973), p. 291

6 "breed": Liz Carpenter, Ruffles & Flourishes (Garden City, NY, 1970), p. 113.

6 although society reporters...: Allida M. Black, Casting Her Own Shadow (New York, 1996), p. 25.

6 "You are the interpreters...": ER Press Conference, 6 Mar. 1933, Maurine H. Beasley, Eleanor Roosevelt and the Media (Urbana, IL, 1987), pp. 38, 187.

6 "managed to conceal...": Elliott Roosevelt, Untold, p. 308.

7 inching away from...": See Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform (Knopf, 1995), pp. 265, 267.

7 "progressive social..." Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (New York, 1971), pp. 823, 843, 842.

7 "fire-fighting...": ER, Remember, pp. 231, 240.

7 "was glad to...": Anna Rosenberg in Lash, Eleanor and, p. 829.

7 "plain, ordinary...": ER in Blanche Wiesen Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, vol. 1, 1884-1933 (New York, 1992), p. 472.

7 "humanitarian...": Susan Ware, "ER and Democratic Politics," in Hoff-Wilson and Lightman, Without Precedent, pp. 56, 53.

7 "maternal values...": See Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers (Cambridge, MA, 1992), p. 318.

7 "white glove...": NR, "Remarks for Associated Press Publisher's Luncheon," 4 May 1987, p. 6, F95-109, WHORM, RR Lib.

8 By 1939...: Winfield, "ER," p. 333.

8 "that people...": ER, Remember, p. 164.

8 "I don't want...": Lash, Eleanor and, p. 829.

8 "on the job": NYT, 30 Sept. 1941, p. 28.

8 "every activity...": ER, Remember, pp. 230-231.

8 "I can't take...": Goodwin, No Ordinary, p. 324.

8 her power: For recent celebrations of her influence see Joseph P. Lash, "Foreword," p. vii, and Lois Scharf, "ER and Feminism," p. 232 in Hoff-Wilson and Lightman, Without Precedent. See Goodwin, No Ordinary for a more balanced but still sympathetic view.

8 "Cabinet minister...": Chafe, "Biographical," p. 11.

8 "and tend to...": Goodwin, No Ordinary, p. 204.

8 "grew up in...": Donnie Radcliffe, Simply Barbara Bush (New York, 1989), p. 13.

9 "too tall...": Cook, ER, 1:1

9 "He is the one...": SatEP, 24 Aug. 1940, p. 28.

9 "First things...": ER, Remember, p. 162.

9 "further socialize...": Representative Eugene Cox in Lash, Eleanor and, p. 837

9 "If the communities...": NYT, 11 Feb. 1942, p. 15.

9 "instructions in...": NYT, 7 Feb. 1942, p. 1.

9 "unfavorable press": ER, Remember, p. 238.

9 "a woman...": U.S. Congress, House, 77th Cong. 2nd. sess., 9 Feb. 1942, CR 88:1155.

9 "as an assistant...": Lash, Eleanor and, p. 841.

9 "as long as...": ER, Remember, p. 250.

10 "to go on...": Cook, ER, 1:15-16.

10 "small and...": Lash, Eleanor and, p. 842.

10 "I guess..." ER Press Conference, Mar. 1942 in Beasley, ER and Media, p. 150.

10 "Lead your...": NYT, 20 Apr. 1924 in Cook, ER. 1:352.

10 "convinced me...": ER, Remember, p. 261.

10 "keeping quiet...": Lash, Eleanor and, p. 845.

10 hate mail...": Tamara K. Hareven, Eleanor Roosevelt (Chicago, 1968), p. 273.

10 "the most...": Goodwin, No Ordinary, p. 371.

10 "She exercised...": Elliott Roosevelt and James Brough, Mother R. (New York, 1977), p. 44.

10 "absolutely no...": Goodwin, No Ordinary, p. 471.

10 "He was a...": Elliott Roosevelt, Untold, p. 354.

10 "lived those...": ER, Remember, pp. 350-351.

11 Roosevelt helped forge...: See, for example, Barbara Kellerman, The Political Presidency (New York, 1984); Samuel Kernell, Going Public (Washington, D.C., 1986); Theodore J. Lowi, The Personal President (Ithaca, 1985). For an alternate view see Richard Pious, The American Presidency (New York, 1979), p. 16.

11 "rather bleak": Anthony, Ladies, 1:486.

11 "Even if...": ER, "Wives of Great Men," Liberty, 1932, quoted in Cook, ER, 1:424

11 "like many other...": LHJ, Apr. 1945, p. 33.

11 "it is wonderful...": Cook, ER, 1:19.

12 "that there...": RSC, BF in Anthony, Ladies, 1:470.

12 "idolized...": RR, An American Life (New York, 1990), p. 66.

12 common ideals...: on uniformity see Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown (San Diego, 1929, 1956), pp. 490-491; Warren Susman, Culture as History (New York, 1984), pp. 150-210.

12 middle class prosperity...: On consumerism and prosperity see Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance (New York, 1994); on gentility see Richard Bushman, The Refinement of America (New York, 1992); on morality see Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Demoralization of Society (New York, 1995), p. 261.

12 except for Betty...: Betty Bloomer studied dance on the Bennington College campus but was not enrolled.

13 "In this as...": Rebekah Baines Johnson to LBJ, [c. 10 Apr. 1937]. Box 1, Family Correspondence, LBJ Lib.

13 "Lives of...": RN, In the Arena (New York, 1990), p. 84.

13 "I look around...": Richard Reeves, President Kennedy (New York, 1993), p. 14.

13 "Men are God's...": Lynd and Lynd, Middletown, p. 118.

13 "programmed for...": John A. Clausen, American Lives (New York, 1993) p. 10.

13 "Now, Nancy...": NR with William Novak, My Turn (New York, 1989), pp. 76-77.

13 "companionate marriage": Steven Mintz and Susan Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions (New York, 1988), p. xvi.

13 "'Let well...": Lynd and Lynd, Middletown, p. 120.

13 bargain: see Alan Ehrenhalt, The Lost City (New York, 1995), p. 3. For one of many dissenting opinions see Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were (New York, 1992).

14 average life-span...: Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington, D.C., 1975), p. 55.

14 "enablers": See Current Health, Jan. 1992, p. 24.

14 "washing, ironing...": Collier's, 9 July 1954, p. 34.

14 "Life was...": JNE, PN: The Untold Story (New York, 1978), p. 238.

14 common culture: On this "high ... degree of cultural unity, even in a diverse, polyglot society, see William L. O'Neill, A Democracy at War (New York, 1993), p. 8.

14 the artist...: Susman, Culture as History, p. 194.

14 "How America...": LHJ, Mar. 1942, pp. 107, 112.

15 "defense haircut...": LHJ, May 1942, p. 28.

15 Nearly one-third...: Historical Statistics, p. 134.

15 "History!..." Theodore H. White, In Search of History (New York, 1978), p. 523.

15 "other little...": Life, 6 Dec. 1963, p. 160.

16 "little... naked...": Theodore H. White, "Original Hand-written Notes of 'Camelot' Interview with Mrs. Kennedy," pp. 4, 5, Theodore H. White MSS, JFK Lib.

16 "line from...": Life, 6 Dec. 1963, p. 160.

16 "for him...": White, Search, p. 523.

16 "closest thing...": White, "Camelot," p. 5.

17 "we" generation: Ambrose in O'Neill, Democracy, p. 432.

17 "values matter...": See Ben Wattenberg, Values Matter Most (New York, 1995); George Lakoff, Moral Politics (Chicago, 1996), p. 240.

17 a preoccupation...: See Michael J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (Cambridge, MA, 1996), p. 6.

17 "housekeepers for...": See Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers, p. 51.